During the reign of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, the Arab Muslim leader, Amr ibn al-As, annexed Egypt to the Islamic Caliphate in what was known as the Islamic conquest of Egypt after he completed the annexation of Palestine from the hands of the Romans and was aimed at securing conquests and the caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab feared the Islamic armies from Entering Africa described as separate. As for the leader Amr ibn al-As, he was fond of Egypt before Islam, and after he won the Romans in the Battle of Ajnadeen, the caliph asked for permission to invade Egypt, which he initially refused. Soon after, Amr bin Al-Aas agreed and sent him supplies. Amr bin Al-Aas went to his army. Aiming at Egypt via the military land road, Sinai passed through Al-Arish and Al-Farma, then besieged and captured Babylon Castle, and Egypt was ruled at that time.
It can be said that the Islamic conquest of Egypt was in the eighteenth year of migration, which is the year corresponding to the year 640 AD during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab – may God be pleased with him – and the leader of the conqueror was shrewd Arab companion Amr ibn al-As – may God be pleased with him – and he took the path To the Mediterranean coast, he reached Al-Arish and conquered it without any significant resistance, and when he reached the village of Al-Faramah at the beginning of the Egyptian border, the Islamic Army faced a Roman-Byzantine garrison, and besieged it for a long time until it fell in 19 to migrate. The first beneficiaries of the Islamic conquest are the Copts in Egypt So they helped the Muslims in Egypt to open a lot, Muslims continued to crawl down to Alexandria, Vhasroha for four months and then forcibly Fd Amr Ibn al-her family left the people of edema and fell Muqawqis at the head of his people in exchange for tribute, and this was the year 20 AH
Some historians state that one of the main reasons for the success of the Islamic armies in defeating the Byzantines was the reception of Egyptian Christians to the Arabs as their saviors from the torture of the Romans. A supporter of this view is British historian Edward Gibbon in his book “History of the Fall of the Roman Empire” in 1782.
The other group of historians believes that the Egyptians resisted the Arabs and fought alongside the Byzantines. Among those who support this view are the Egyptian historian Taqi al-Din al-Maqrizi and the British historian Alfred Butler
The flowering of Islamic architecture is evident in the city of Al-Qata’ea and the Mosque of Ahmed Ibn Tulun, which was built on the approach of the Mosque of Amr Ibn Al-Aas with the addition of a fountain, minaret, pillars, decoration and founding plate.
The Ayyubid era was also marked by the progress of architecture, and one of its most famous features is the construction of the Salah al-Din Citadel. This castle represents Islamic architecture from the Ayyubid state until the era of Muhammad Ali.
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